Amino acid profiles of rumen undegradable protein: a comparison between forages including cereal straws and alfalfa and their respective total mixed rations

Optimizing the amino acid (AA) profile of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can positively affect the amount of milk protein. This study was conducted to improve knowledge regarding the AA profile of rumen undegradable protein from corn stover, rice straw and alfalfa hay as well as the total mixed ratio diets (TMR) based on one of them as forage source [forage‐to‐concentrate ratio of 45:55 (30% of corn stover (CS), 30% of rice straw (RS), 23% of alfalfa hay (AH) and dry matter basis)]. The other ingredients in the three TMR diets were similar. The RUP of all the forages and diets was estimated by incubation for 16 hr in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated lactating cows. All residues were corrected for microbial colonization, which was necessary in determining the AA composition of RUP from feed samples using in situ method. Compared with their original AA composition, the AA pattern of forages and forage‐based diets changed drastically after rumen exposure. In addition, the extent of ruminal degradation of analysed AA was not constant among the forages. The greatest individual AA degradability of alfalfa hay and corn stover was Pro, but was His of rice straw. A remarkable difference was observed between microbial attachment corrected and uncorrected AA profiles of RUP, except for alfalfa hay and His in the three forages and TMR diets. The ruminal AA degradability of cereal straws was altered compared with alfalfa hay but not for the TMR diets. In summary, the AA composition of forages and TMR‐based diets changed significantly after ruminal exposure, indicating that the original AA profiles of the feed cannot represent its AA composition of RUP. The AA profile of RUP and ruminal AA degradability for corn stover and rice straw contributed to missing information in the field.     

Organic zinc and copper supplementation on antioxidant protective mechanism and their correlation with sperm functional characteristics in goats

Trace minerals feeding had significant effects on sperm production and fertility with better absorption and proper utilization within the body for optimum reproductive function. Several studies have shown that more influenced trace elements in the diets of animals are copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Bucks showing deficiency of this mineral might affect the quality of semen production which in turn would affect the fertility. This experiment was thus designed to test the effects of organic Cu and Zn supplementation on antioxidants enzyme activities and sperm functional attributes in fresh semen of bucks. Forty bucks (n = 40, Aged 5 months) were assigned to ten groups of four animals in each group, supplemented (for a period of 8 months) with different levels of organic Zn: 20 mg (T2), 40 mg (T3) and 60 mg (T4), organic Cu: 12.5 mg (T5), 25 mg (T6), 37.5 mg (T7) and combined organic Zn and Cu: 20 + 12.5 mg (T8), 40 + 25 mg (T9), 60 + 37.5 mg (T10), respectively, per kg dry matter and no additional mineral diet (control; T1). One hundred and sixty semen samples were collected through electro‐ejaculator and analysed for sperm quantity, quality, acrosome intactness and plasma membrane integrity and correlated with the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzyme activities in seminal plasma. The results indicated organic Cu and zinc supplemented bucks produced more sperm cells, had higher sperm concentrations, maintained higher (p < .01) sperm livability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrities, more motility and velocity. The increased antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced oxidative stress and lowered lipid peroxidation were positively correlated (p < .05) with the sperm functional attributes. In conclusion, organic Cu and Zn supplement to male goats showed protective roles against oxidative damage and maintained better fresh semen characteristics.     

Effect of Luteolin on Blood Indexes,Liver and Kidney in Mice with Acute Mercury Poisoning

To study the effect of luteolin on blood indexes,liver and kidney in mice with acute mercury poisoning,28 mice were randomly divided into four groups:Control group (intraperitoneal injection 0.9% saline),luteolin group (lavage 100 mg/kg luteolin),mercuric chloride group (intraperitoneal injection 4 mg/kg mercury chloride) and mercury chloride+luteolin group (intraperitoneal injection 4 mg/kg mercuric chloride,lavage 100 mg/kg luteolin).The activities of ALT in serum,AST,CREA and BUN contents,blood WBC,RBC,HGB content and GSH and MDA contents of liver tissue were detected.Morphological changes of liver and kidney tissues were observed.The results showed that compared with the control group,the activities of ALT and AST of mercuric chloride group were extremely significantly increased (P < 0.01),serum CREA,BUN,blood WBC and liver tissue MDA contents were significantly increased (P < 0.05) while blood RBC,HGB and liver tissue GSH contents were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).Liver,kidney pathological changes were obviously.Compared with mercuric chloride group,the activities of ALT,AST in serum,CREA,BUN,blood WBC and liver tissue MDA contents of mercuric chloride+luteolin group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05),while blood RBC,HGB and liver tissue GSH contents were significantly elevated (P < 0.05).Liver,kidney pathological changes were attenuated obviously.The poisoning were characterized by inflammation and the occurrence of anemia when acute mercury poisoning occurred,liver and kidney showed different degrees of injury in mice.Luteolin could reduce the toxic effects of acute mercury poisoning on blood,liver and kidney.     

Effect of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin,17β-estradiol and Epidermal Growth Factor on the Quality of in vitro Maturation Bovine Oocytes

For optimizing in vitro maturation system of bovine oocytes,we firstly examined the influence of four different hormonal regimes(FSH+LH,HMG,FSH+LH+E₂ and HMG+E₂) on oocyte maturation rates.Then we studied the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the above defined medium on bovine oocyte maturation,in vitro development and quality of parthenogenetic embryos.The cell apoptotic index of parthenogenetic blastocysts was detected by TUNEL.No significant difference was observed in maturation rates in four groups supplemented with different hormones.However,human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) provided steady maturation results in replicates.Maturation of oocytes was promoted by supplementation with 17β-estradiol (E₂).Combination of HMG and E₂ gave rise to steady and efficient mature results.The presence of EGF at 30 ng/mL concentration significantly increased maturation rate and blastocyst rate and reduced apoptotic cells in parthenogenetic blastocysts.Therefore,the optimal oocyte maturation solution could be supplemented with 0.075 IU/mL HMG,1 μg/mL E₂ and 30 ng/mL EGF.     

采后减压预处理对番木瓜果实贮藏品质及抗氧化活性的影响

以"日升"品种番木瓜果实为材料,研究了不同梯度的减压预处理(0 MPa(常压),0.025、0.050、0.075 MPa)对15℃贮藏条件下番木瓜果实品质变化和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:减压处理能显著延缓番木瓜果实硬度下降,延缓可溶性固形物(TSS)、抗坏血酸(VC)、类黄酮及总酚含量的变化,维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和抑制丙二醛的积累,有利于番木瓜果实贮藏品质和抗氧化能力的保持,而且以0.050 MPa处理的保鲜效果最为显著。     

拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计与硬件在环试验

针对电液耦合转向方案转向特性尚不明晰、转向数据采集和记录困难等问题，提出一种硬件在环拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计方案。平台参数设计过程主要考虑功率损耗，为了满足电液耦合转向系统的性能要求，进行精度设计与量程设计。通过总体参数设计，得到电动助力、液压助力和阻力加载系统的参数计算模型，并基于AMESim建立电液耦合转向系统的控制与机械模型仿真进行了参数优化。通过基于dSPACE以及PXI的硬件在环控制方案，进行了各类转向工况试验验证，验证结果表明：阻力加载模拟系统能根据不同的地面条件、行驶工况等参数实现动态加载，响应速度和控制精度均能实现田间阻力模拟要求；电液助力转向系统能够产生较好的平滑助力，具有良好的转向路感；控制系统能与各传感器硬件协同配合，使拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台具有良好的响应特性，能够真实还原拖拉机转向过程。     

仓房自动堆包机的研制与设计

仓房自动堆包机是专门为粮食储藏和粮食加工企业研制的一款有限空间堆包设备。它不仅能在有限空间将粮包提升到目标高度、自动堆放,而且还能替代多人工作,设备操作简单、方便、灵活,可实现粮食储藏和食品加工企业有限仓房机械化作业。     

多品种叶面肥水稻田间应用效果探析

[目的]为大面积推广应用多品种叶面肥提供科学依据。[方法]在水稻作物上施用不同品种的叶面肥产品,对比不同叶面肥产品在水稻上的应用效果和经济效益。[结果]在抽穗阶段喷施根外生长调节剂,取得较明显的效果。[结论]根外追肥取得良好的效果,可以继续推广。     

华北驼绒藜雨季移栽成活率研究

本文是不同季节移栽华北驼绒藜(Ceratoides arborescens)系列研究之一。干旱区春季生态建植有补水之苦,雨季移栽表明,不需坐水或补水,成活率可高达60%,浸根可提高成活率至90%;说明雨季移栽是可行的。移栽植株数日内叶片含水量和叶绿素含量急剧下降、脯氨酸含量骤然升高,含量恢复过程则较缓慢,说明移栽使植株突然损伤,但终能恢复至正常生理状态。     

Research Progress of Effect of Oxidative Stress on Broiler and its Mitigation Technology

Oxidative stress is ubiquitous in livestock and poultry production.When the body is in the situation of harmful stimulation in vitro or in vivo,the oxidation system and antioxidant system are in a state of imbalance,leading to metabolic disorders,which depresses the growth and development of animals,decreases disease resistance and quality of livestock products seriously,and has a negative impact on the production and health of livestock and poultry.So it is important to find an effective measure to alleviate the health of livestock and poultry.Lipoic acid,tea polyphenol,VE and other antioxidants play significant roles in reducing oxidative stress.In this paper,the effects of oxidative stress on broiler and mitigation technology research were outlined.